An inexpensive paracetamol sensor based on an acid-activated carbon fiber microelectrode.

Paracetamol, a contaminant of emerging concern, has been detected in different bodies of water, where it can impact ecological and human health. To quantify this paracetamol, electroanalytical methods have gained support. Thus, the present study developed a simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method for paracetamol quantification using a carbon fiber microelectrode based on commercial carbon fiber. To improve the carbon fiber microelectrode's paracetamol sensitivity and selectivity, it was subjected to an activation process via electrochemical oxidation in an acid medium (H2SO4 or HNO3), using 20 consecutive cycles of cyclic voltammetry. The treated (activated) carbon fiber microelectrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques, including chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The H2SO4-activated carbon fiber microelectrode exhibited enhanced figures of merit, with a linear dynamic range of paracetamol detection from 0.5 to 11 µmol L-1 and a limit of detection of 0.21 µmol L-1 under optimized conditions. The method was optimized by quantifying paracetamol in commercial pharmaceutical tablets, spiked running tap water, and river water (Pita River, Quito, Ecuador, latitude -0.364955°, longitude -78.404538°); the respective recovery values were 102.89, 103.93, and 112.40%. The results demonstrated an acceptable level of accuracy and the promising applicability of this carbon fiber microelectrode as a sensor to detect paracetamol.

Simultaneous quantification of lead, cadmium and zinc in superficial marine sediments using a carbon-fiber microelectrode modified with bismuth film.

Marine sediments are a useful environmental assessment matrix as they naturally trap toxic substances of anthropogenic origin and thus have higher concentrations of these than the surrounding water. Therefore, developing methods for the sensitive, accurate, and inexpensive quantification of these substances is important, as the traditional techniques have various disadvantages. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of an in situ bismuth-modified carbon-fiber microelectrode (voltamperometric sensor) to simultaneously detect Pb, Cd, and Zn in marine sediments from Puerto Jeli in El Oro Province, Ecuador. This site is representative of the contamination levels present along the coast in this province. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was applied, and the resulting linear regression for the metal quantification ranged from 12 to 50 µg mL-1, with quantification limits for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) of 18.69, 12.55, and 19.29 µg mL-1, respectively. Thus, the quantification with the sensor was successful. According to the preliminary results, Cd and Pb values exceeded the permissible limits established by Ecuador (Texto Unificado de la Legislación Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente) and the US Environmental Protection Agency, respectively.

Evaluation of a gold-nanoparticle-modified carbon-fiber microelectrode to quantify mercury in canned tuna sold in Ecuador.

Seafood consumption is the primary exposure route for trace metals like mercury. Accordingly, canned tuna meat has been focused on by researchers because of the potential bioaccumulation of high amounts of mercury. This study aimed to test a novel and reliable electroanalytical method employing a working electrode consisting of gold-nanoparticle-modified carbon microfibers to quantify total mercury in canned tuna samples. Determination was achieved via differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The proposed method had a limit of detection of 3.9781 ± 0.0001 µg L-1 and a limit of quantification of 33.6634 ± 0.0001 µg L-1, with a sensitivity of 0.3275 nA µg L-1. The modified electrode was evaluated in samples taken from three canned tuna brands sold in the Sangolquí parish in Rumiñahui, Ecuador. These brands, coded A, B, and C, represent 47.92%, 27.08%, and 11.98% of all canned tuna sold in the Ecuadorian market, respectively. The resulting respective total mercury concentrations were 0.5999 ± 0.0001 mg kg-1; 0.9387 ± 0.0001 mg kg-1; and 0.3442 ± 0.0001 mg kg-1 for A, B, and C. Method accuracy was determined through the recovery percentages of ≥98%, which indicated acceptable accuracy for the final optimized method. Mean mercury concentrations for all samples did not represent a carcinogenic risk for consumers. However, the values obtained for potential no-carcinogenic risk and daily consumption rate suggest that consumers of tuna canned in water, particularly brand C, may be at risk.

Electrochemical Evaluation of Cd, Cu, and Fe in Different Brands of Craft Beers from Quito, Ecuador.

The presence of heavy metals in craft beers can endanger human health if the total metal content exceeds the exposure limits recommended by sanitary standards; in addition, they can cause damage to the quality of the beer. In this work, the concentration of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) was determined in 13 brands of craft beer with the highest consumption in Quito, Ecuador, by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), using as boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode. The BDD electrode used has favorable morphological and electrochemical properties for the detection of metals such as Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III). A granular morphology with microcrystals with an average size between 300 and 2000 nm could be verified for the BDD electrode using a scanning electron microscope. Double layer capacitance of the BDD electrode was 0.01412 µF cm-2, a relatively low value; Ipox/Ipred ratios were 0.99 for the potassium ferro-ferricyanide system in BDD, demonstrating that the redox process is quasi-reversible. The figures of merit for Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) were; DL of 6.31, 1.76, and 1.72 µg L-1; QL of 21.04, 5.87, and 5.72 µg L-1, repeatability of 1.06, 2.43, and 1.34%, reproducibility of 1.61, 2.94, and 1.83% and percentage of recovery of 98.18, 91.68, and 91.68%, respectively. It is concluded that the DPASV method on BDD has acceptable precision and accuracy for the quantification of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III), and it was verified that some beers did not comply with the permissible limits of food standards.

Electrochemical degradation of surfactants in domestic wastewater using a DiaClean® cell equipped with a boron-doped diamond electrode.

Treating domestic wastewater has become more and more complicated due to the high content of different types of detergents. In this context, advanced electro-oxidation (AEO) has become a powerful tool for complex wastewater remediation. The electrochemical degradation of surfactants present in domestic wastewater was carried out using a DiaClean® cell in a recirculation system equipped with boron-doped diamond (BDD) as the anode and stainless steel as the cathode. The effect of recirculation flow (1.5, 4.0 and 7.0 L min-1) and the applied current density (j = 7, 14, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mA cm-2) was studied. The degradation was followed by the concentration of surfactants, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and turbidity. pH value, conductivity, temperature, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and chlorides were also evaluated. Toxicity assays were studied through evaluating Chlorella sp. performance at 0, 3, and 7 h of treatment. Finally, the mineralization was followed by total organic carbon (TOC) under optimal operating conditions. The results showed that applying j = 14 mA cm-2 and a flow rate of 1.5 L min-1 during 7 h of electrolysis were the best conditions for the efficient mineralization of wastewater, achieving the removal of 64.7% of surfactants, 48.7% of COD, 24.9% of turbidity, and 44.9% of mineralization analyzed by the removal of TOC. The toxicity assays showed that Chlorella microalgae were unable to grow in AEO-treated wastewater (cellular density: 0 × 104 cells ml-1 after 3- and 7-h treatments). Finally, the energy consumption was analyzed, and the operating cost of 1.40 USD m-3 was calculated. Therefore, this technology allows for the degradation of complex and stable molecules such as surfactants in real and complex wastewater, if toxicity is not taken into account.

Antioxidant Capacity through Electrochemical Methods and Chemical Composition of Oenocarpus bataua and Gustavia macarenensis from the Ecuadorian Amazon.

This study evaluated the antioxidant properties and chemical composition of the seeds, pulp and peels of Ungurahua (Oenocarpus bataua) and Pasu (Gustavia macarenensis)-fruits, native to the Ecuadorian Amazon. The antioxidant capacity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cyclic voltammetry (antioxidant index 50 (AI50)) assays; differential pulse voltammetry was used to evaluate antioxidant power using the electrochemical index. The total phenolic content, as well as the yellow flavonoid and anthocyanin content, were quantified via spectrophotometry. In addition, the trans-resveratrol and ascorbic acid content were evaluated through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used to identify secondary metabolites with possible therapeutic properties. Results showed that the Pasu peel and seed extracts had the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by the Ungurahua peel; these results were consistent for both spectroscopic and electrochemical assays. HPLC and UPLC-MS analysis suggest that Oenocarpus bataua and Gustavia macarenensis are important sources of beneficial bioactive compounds.

In vitro wearing away of orthodontic brackets and wires in different conditions: A review.

Introduction: The release of metallic ions from orthodontic brackets and wires typically depends on their quality (chemical composition) and the medium to which they are exposed, e.g., acidic, alkaline, substances with a high fluoride concentration, etc. This review examines corrosion and wear of orthodontic brackets, wires, and arches exposed to different media, including: beverages (juices), mouthwashes and artificial saliva among others, and the possible health effects resulting from the release of metallic ions under various conditions. Objective: This review aims to determine the exposure conditions that cause the most wear on orthodontic devices, as well as the possible health effects that can be caused by the release of metallic ions under various conditions. Sources: A search was carried out in the Scopus database, for articles related to oral media that can corrode brackets and wires. The initial research resulted in 8,127 documents, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 76 articles remained. Conclusion: Stainless steel, which is commonly used in orthodontic devices, is the material that suffers the most wear. It was also found that acidic pH, alcohols, fluorides, and chlorides worsen orthodontic material corrosion. Further, nickel released from brackets and wires can cause allergic reactions and gingival overgrowth into patients.

Electrochemical Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Prussian Blue Electrochemically Deposited at the TiO2-ZrO2-Doped Carbon Nanotube Glassy Carbon-Modified Electrode.

In this investigation, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrochemical sensor was evaluated. Prussian blue (PB) was electrodeposited at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with titanium dioxide- and zirconia-doped functionalized carbon nanotubes (TiO2.ZrO2-fCNTs), obtaining the PB/TiO2.ZrO2-fCNTs/GC-modified electrode. The morphology and structure of the nanostructured material TiO2.ZrO2-fCNTs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, the specific surface area was determined via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Titania-zirconia nanoparticles (5.0 ± 2.0 nm) with an amorphous structure were directly synthesized on the fCNT walls, aged during periods of 20 days, obtaining a well-dispersed distribution with a high surface area. The results indicated that the TiO2.ZrO2-fCNT-nanostructured material exhibits good electrochemical properties and could be tunable by enhancing the modification conditions and method of synthesis. Covering of the nanotubes with TiO2-ZrO2 nanoparticles is one of the main factors that affected immobilization and sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensor. The electrode modified with TiO2-ZrO2 nanoparticles with the 20-day aging time was superior regarding its reversibility, electric communication, and high sensitivity and improves the immobilization of the PB at the electrode. The fabricated sensor was used in the detection of H2O2 in whey milk samples, presenting a linear relationship from 100 to 1,000 µmol L-1 between H2O2 concentration and the peak current, with a quantification limit (LQ) of 59.78 µmol L-1 and a detection limit (LD) of 17.93 µmol L-1.

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of diclofenac with a boron-doped diamond electrode modified with titanium dioxide as a photoanode.

The electrophoretic deposition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (Degussa P25) onto a boron-doped diamond (BDD) substrate was carried out to produce a photoanode (TiO2/BDD) to apply in the degradation and mineralization of sodium diclofenac (DCF-Na) in an aqueous medium using photoelectrocatalysis (PEC). This study was divided into three stages: i) photoanode production through electrophoretic deposition using three suspensions (1.25%, 2.5%, 5.0% w/v) of TiO2 nanoparticles, applying 4.8 V for 15 and 20 s; ii) characterization of the TiO2/BDD photoanode using scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry response with the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox system; iii) degradation of DCF-Na (25 mg L-1) through electrochemical oxidation (EO) on BDD and PEC on TiO2/BDD under dark and UVC-light conditions. The degradation of DCF-Na was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and its mineralization measured using total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed that after 2 h, DCF-Na degradation and mineralization reached 98.5% and 80.1%, respectively, through PEC on the TiO2/BDD photoanode at 2.2 mA cm-2 under UVC illumination, while through EO on BDD applying 4.4 mA cm-2, degradation and mineralization reached 85.6% and 76.1%, respectively. This difference occurred because of the optimal electrophoretic formation of a TiO2 film with a 9.17 µm thickness on the BDD (2.5% w/v TiO2, time 15 s, 4.8 V), which improved the electrocatalysis and oxidative capacity of the TiO2/BDD photoanode. Additionally, PEC showed a lower specific energy consumption (1.55 kWh m-3). Thus, the use of nanostructured TiO2 films deposited on BDD is an innovative photoanode alternative for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of DCF-Na, which substantially improves the degradation capacity of bare BDD.

Total mercury determination in bivalves Anadara tuberculosa sold in open markets from Quito, Ecuador.

This study aimed to quantify the amount of total mercury in bivalves Anadara tuberculosa supplied from Esmeraldas Province and sold in markets in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador. The determined total mercury concentration was compared to the permissible limits established by the European Commission and World Health Organization-Food and Agriculture Organization and health risk subsequently assessed. Sampling was conducted in five open markets and involved collecting fifteen specimens from each market. Total mercury was measured through cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. Results showed that samples did not exceed the total mercury threshold value (0.5 mg kg-1). However, samples of Anadara tuberculosa from the Ofelia market, which receives fresh products from Eloy Alfaro canton, contained the highest mean levels of mercury contamination, 0.055 mg kg-1. This result could be associated to the influence of illegal mining activity in this area. In addition, methylmercury potential non-carcinogenic risk for consumers exceeded the threshold limit (>1) established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The daily consumption rate (Rclim) was determined to be 26.61-38.50 g for a child weight of 14.5 kg, and 128.44-185.84 g for an adult weight of 70 kg. Thus, consuming a higher amount of Anadara tuberculosa could negatively affect human health.

Determination of Antioxidant Activity by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC-FL), Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA), Electrochemical and Microbiological Analyses of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Solanum mammosum L.

PURPOSE: The importance of studying polyphenolic compounds as natural antioxidants has encouraged the search for new methods of analysis that are quick and simple. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has been presented as an alternative to determine the total polyphenolic content and its antioxidant activity. METHODS: In this study, aqueous leaf extract of Solanum mammosum, a species of plant endemic to South America, was used to produce AgNPs. The technique of oxygen radical absorption capacity using fluorescein (ORAC-FL) was used to measure antioxidant activity. The oxidation of the 2´,7´-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) as fluorescent probe was used to measure cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). Electrochemical behavior was also examined using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Total polyphenolic content (TPH) was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the major polyphenolic compound was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC/DAD). Finally, a microbial analysis was conducted using Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp. RESULTS: The average size of nanoparticles was 5.2 ± 2.3 nm measured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The antioxidant activity measured by ORAC-FL in the extract and nanoparticles were 3944 ± 112 and 637.5 ± 14.8 µM ET/g of sample, respectively. Cellular antioxidant activity was 14.7 ± 0.2 for the aqueous extract and 12.5 ± 0.2 for the nanoparticles. The electrochemical index (EI) was 402 µA/V for the extract and 324 µA/V for the nanoparticles. Total polyphenolic content was 826.6 ± 20.9 and 139.7 ± 20.9 mg EGA/100 g of sample. Gallic acid was the main polyphenolic compound present in the leaf extract. Microbiological analysis revealed that although leaf extract was not toxic for Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp., minor toxic activity for AgNPs was detected for both strains. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the aqueous extract of the leaves of S. mammosum contains nontoxic antioxidant compounds capable of producing AgNPs. The methods using AgNPs can be used as a fast analytical tool to monitor the presence of water-soluble polyphenolic compounds from plant origin. Analysis and detection of new antioxidants from plant extracts may be potentially applicable in biomedicine.

Simultaneous quantification of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in surface marine sediments using Ag-Hg and Ag-Bi nanoalloys glassy carbon modified electrodes.

The evaluation of glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with a Nafion (Nf) film and doped with nanoalloys (Nys) deposits of Ag-Hg and Ag-Bi and their application to determination of Cd (II) and Pb(II) in marine sediments, is described. Deposited Ag-Hg and AgBi Nys have a size of approximately ~80 nm dispersed and embedded inside the booths of the Nf net, while other of them remained on Nf net surface. For the AgBiNysNf-GC electrode, a detection limit (DL), 3 s criterion, slightly higher than for the AgHgNysNf-GC modified electrode was obtained. Accuracy of measurements was asserted by comparison with quantification of Cd and Pb in three sets of marine sediments samples previously analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The values of the standard deviation and the coefficients of variation are very low, and also comparable between the different determinations.

Fundamentals and applications of photoelectrocatalysis as an efficient process to remove pollutants from water: A review.

Water pollution is an environmental problem in constant raising because of population growing, industrial development, agricultural frontier expansion, and principally because of the lack of wastewater treatment technology to remove organic recalcitrant and toxic pollutants from industrial and domestic wastewater. Recalcitrant compounds are a serious environmental and health problem mainly due to their toxicity and potential hazardous effects on living organisms, including human beings. Conventional wastewater treatments have not been able to remove efficiently pollutants from water; however, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) are able to solve this environmental concern. One of the most recent EAOPs technology is photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), it consists in applying an external bias potential to a semiconductor film placed over a conductive substrate to avoid the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole (e-/h+) pairs, increasing h+ availability and hydroxyl radicals' formation, responsible for promoting the degradation/mineralization of organic pollutants in aqueous medium. This review summarizes the recent advances in PEC as a promising technology for wastewater treatment. It addresses the fundamentals and kinetic aspects of PEC. An analysis of photoanode materials and of the configuration of photoelectrochemical reactors is also presented, including an analysis of the influence of the main operational parameters on the treatment of contaminated water. Finally, the most recent applications of PEC are reviewed, and the challenges and perspectives of PEC in wastewater treatment are discussed.

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of glyphosate on titanium dioxide synthesized by sol-gel/spin-coating on boron doped diamond (TiO2/BDD) as a photoanode.

The construction of a photoanode with several layers of titanium oxysulfate as a precursor to form titanium dioxide-TiO2 on boron doped diamond-BDD (TiO2/BDD), and its application for the photoelectro-degradation of glyphosate in aqueous medium are presented. The study was divided into three stages: i) optimization of the number of layers of the TiO2 precursor to modify BDD using a novel method combining Sol-gel/Spin-Coating; ii) characterization of the TiO2/BDD electrodes, by scanning electron microscopy-SEM, dispersive energy spectroscopy-EDX, Ray diffraction-XRD, contact angle, and electrochemical response by cyclic voltammetry using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- system; iii) degradation of glyphosate (50 mg L-1) by electrochemical oxidation on BDD and photoelectrocatalysis on TiO2/BDD in dark and UV-light conditions, at different current densities, for 5 h. The glyphosate degradation and mineralization were evaluated by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Total Organic Carbon, Chemical Oxygen Demand and inorganic-ions concentration (NO3-, PO43-, and NH4+). Also, the aminomethylphosphonic acid-AMPA was quantified by HPLC, as a degradation intermediate. Using five layers of the TiO2 precursor, in the construction of TiO2/BDD photoanode, and a lower contact angle, greater photoelectrocatalysis against the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox system and better degradation of glyphosate compared to BDD without modification were achieved. The formation of TiO2 nanoparticles (14.79 ± 3.43 nm) in anatase phase on BDD was verified by SEM and XRD. Additionally, glyphosate degradation and mineralization were 2.3 times faster by photoelectrocatalysis on TiO2/BDD, relative to BDD, at 3 mA cm-2 and UV-light. Thus, the presence of TiO2 on BDD increases the rate and efficiency of glyphosate degradation with respect to electrochemical oxidation on BDD.

Technologies Employed in the Treatment of Water Contaminated with Glyphosate: A Review.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] is a herbicide with several commercial formulations that are used generally in agriculture for the control of various weeds. It is the most used pesticide in the world and comprises multiple constituents (coadjutants, salts, and others) that help to effectively reach the action's mechanism in plants. Due to its extensive and inadequate use, this herbicide has been frequently detected in water, principally in surface and groundwater nearest to agricultural areas. Its presence in the aquatic environment poses chronic and remote hazards to human health and the environment. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop treatment processes to remediate aquatic environments polluted with glyphosate, its metabolites, and/or coadjutants. This review is focused on conventional and non-conventional water treatment processes developed for water polluted with glyphosate herbicide; it describes the fundamental mechanism of water treatment processes and their applications are summarized. It addressed biological processes (bacterial and fungi degradation), physicochemical processes (adsorption, membrane filtration), advanced oxidation processes-AOPs (photocatalysis, electrochemical oxidation, photo-electrocatalysis, among others) and combined water treatment processes. Finally, the main operating parameters and the effectiveness of treatment processes are analyzed, ending with an analysis of the challenges in this field of research.

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Prussian Blue Electrochemically Deposited at ZrO2 Doped Carbon Nanotubes Glassy Carbon Modified Electrode.

In this work, a new hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrochemical sensor was fabricated. Prussian blue (PB) was electrodeposited on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with zirconia doped functionalized carbon nanotubes (ZrO2-fCNTs), (PB/ZrO2-fCNTs/GC). The morphology and structure of the nanostructured system were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), specific surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). Zirconia nanocrystallites (6.6 ± 1.8 nm) with cubic crystal structure were directly synthesized on the fCNTs walls, obtaining a well dispersed distribution with a high surface area. The experimental results indicate that the ZrO2-fCNTs nanostructured system exhibits good electrochemical properties and could be tunable by enhancing the modification conditions and method of synthesis. The fabricated sensor could be used to efficiently detect H2O2, presenting a good linear relationship between the H2O2 concentration and the peak current, with quantification limit (LQ) of the 10.91 µmol·L-1 and detection limit (LD) of 3.5913 µmol·L-1.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimosa albida (Mimosoideae): Characterization and Antioxidant Activity.

The search for sensitive and rapid analytical techniques for the determination of natural antioxidants is an area in constant growth due, among other aspects, to the complexity of plant matrices. In this study, silver nanoparticles prepared with the aqueous extract of Mimosa albida leaves were used to assess their polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques. As a result, nanoparticles of 6.5 ± 3.1 nm were obtained. The total phenolic content in the extract was 1320.4 ± 17.6 mg of gallic acid equivalents GAE. 100 g-1 and in the nanoparticles 257.3 ± 5.1 mg GAE. 100 g-1. From the phenolic profile analyzed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a diode-array detector (DAD), the presence of apigenin and luteolin in the plant extract is postulated. The antioxidant capacity measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC-fluorescein assay was 86917 ± 6287 and 7563 ± 967 µmol ET g-1 in the extract and nanoparticles respectively. Electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed the effective reduction capacity of the Mimosa albida leaves extract to reduce Ag ions to AgNPs and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) suggested the presence of two main reducing agents in the extract. From this study, it was concluded that the aqueous extract of Mimosa albida contains reducing agents capable of synthesizing silver nanoparticles, which can be used in the phytochemical industry.

Applicability of Goethite/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites to Remove Lead from Wastewater.

Lead ion in drinking water is one of the most dangerous metals. It affects several systems, such as the nervous, gastrointestinal, reproductive, renal, and cardiovascular systems. Adsorption process is used as a technology that can solve this problem through suitable composites. The adsorption of lead (Pb(II)) on graphene oxide (GO) and on two goethite (α-FeOOH)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites (composite 1: 0.10 g GO: 22.22 g α-FeOOH and composite 2: 0.10 g GO: 5.56 g α-FeOOH), in aqueous medium, was studied. The GO was synthesized from a commercial pencil lead. Composites 1 and 2 were prepared from GO and ferrous sulfate. The GO and both composites were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The adsorption capacity of Pb(II) on the GO and both composites was evaluated through adsorption isotherms. Composite 1 presented a significant agglomeration of α-FeOOH nanorods on the reduced graphene oxide layers. Meanwhile, composite 2 exhibited a more uniform distribution of nanorods. The adsorption of Pb(II) on the three adsorbents fits the Langmuir isotherm, with an adsorption capacity of 277.78 mg/g for composite 2200 mg/g for GO and 138.89 mg/g for composite 1. Composite 2 emerged as a highly efficient alternative to purify water contaminated with Pb(II).

Evaluation of the Cadmium Accumulation in Tamarillo Cells (Solanum betaceum) by Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Cysteine-Rich Peptides.

Long-term cadmium intake can be very dangerous to human health due to its toxic effects. Although people can be contaminated with this element from different sources, contaminated food is probably the most important one. Foods such as vegetables and fruits can become contaminated with cadmium existing in soils, irrigation water, or chemical fertilizers. Some plants produce an excess of cysteine-rich peptides (CRp) when affected by high concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium, thus indicating the presence of this type of contamination. Among these plants is tamarillo (Solanum betaceum), which is locally known as "tree tomato". This is a native plant widely consumed in the Ecuadorian Andes because of its abundance, low cost, and high content of vitamin C and fiber. The fact that Solanum betaceum produces CRp upon contamination with heavy metals means that this plant may be able to accumulate heavy metals. If this is the case, the plant can possibly be used as an indicator of metal pollution. The main goals of the present work were to evaluate the possibility of using Solanum betaceum as an indicator of metal contamination in plants and to examine its capability to accumulate metals. Both goals were met by determination of the amounts of CRp produced by Solanum betaceum cells cultivated in vitro in the laboratory under controlled conditions in the presence of different concentrations of cadmium. The CRp determination was carried out by means of electrogeneration of iodine in an iodide solution containing reduced glutathione as a biological thiol model. Solanum betaceum cells were grown in a Murashige and Skoog solution enriched with a 30 g L-1 sugar aqueous solution and 1 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The results of these experiments confirmed the following: (1) CRp production is a function of the amount of cadmium present as a contaminant up to a limiting value after which cell apoptosis occurs; (2) Solanum betaceum accumulates cadmium; (3) the analytical method used is appropriate for CRp determination; and (4) CRp determination is a valid alternative to detect contamination by heavy metals in plants.

Development and Evaluation of Copper Electrodes, Modified with Bimetallic Nanoparticles, to be Used as Sensors of Cysteine-Rich Peptides Synthesized by Tobacco Cells Exposed to Cytotoxic Levels of Cadmium.

We report on two new electrochemical sensors which, coupled to differential pulse voltammetry, constitutes a useful tool for diagnosis of heavy metal pollution. The electrochemical sensors AgHgNf/Cu and the AgBiNf/Cu were obtained by deposition of bimetallic particles of AgHg or AgBi on copper electrodes covered with a Nafion (Nf) film, respectively. Micrographs of the electrode's surface showed evenly scattered bimetallic particles, with an approximate diameter of 150 nm, embedded in the Nafion (Nf) film. In order to test the electrodes, the hydrogen evolution signal according to the Brdicka reaction was measured for the determination of cysteine-rich peptides (CRp) produced by plants. To check the accuracy of the electrodes, real samples of Nicotiana tabacum cells exposed to cytotoxic levels of cadmium were tested. The AgHgNf/Cu electrode produced detection limits (DLs) of 0.088 µmol L-1 for Cysteine and 0.139µmol L-1 for Glutathione, while for the AgBiNf/Cu electrode DLs were 0.41 µmol L-1 for cysteine and 0.244 µmol L-1 for glutathione. Thus, the new electrodes could be a useful analytical electrochemical system very convenient for fieldwork. The electrodes were capable of direct, accurate, and sensitive detection of synthesized peptides, despite the complex matrix where the Nicotiana tabacum cells were grown.